Abdominales ¿orden de trabajo?

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La musculatura abdominal suele tener falta de tono muscular. Si a esto le añadimos que su antagonista (musculatura lumbar) suele tener un excesivo tono, es fácil imaginarnos que se produzcan descompensaciones en la región pélvica que desembocarán en hiperlordosis -lumbar- con problemas de ciáticas y sobrecargas -lumbares-.

Los abdominales intervienen en el mantenimiento de la postura consiguiendo una correcta alineación corporal. Manteniendo una alineación corporal correcta aumentará la efectividad del ejercicio -en general-, el rendimiento y disminuirá el riesgo de lesión.

Actúa como fijador y estabilizador del tronco en distintas acciones motrices. En esfuerzos donde levantamos, empujamos y traccionamos resistencias, mantiene la columna como una base sólida, permitiendo que los brazos y piernas realicen el esfuerzo.


CORRECTA EJECUCIÓN DEL EJERCICIO

Podemos destacar los siguientes aspectos a tener en cuenta durante la ejecución de los ejercicios abdominales:

  • La cabeza debe de estar relajada para no forzar la musculatura del cuello, para ello, la mirada la mantendremos en un ángulo de 45º; mirando hacia arriba y adelante, quedando la barbilla separada del cuerpo. Las manos nunca las colocaremos detrás de la nuca o, al menos, no tiraremos de ella.
  • La columna realiza una flexión; bien elevándose del suelo las escapulas (sí trabajamos la zona superior) o la zona lumbar (sí trabajamos la zona inferior).
  • Las piernas permanecerán con las rodillas flexionadas, evitando así que la zona lumbar se arquee.
  • Expulsar el aire siempre al realizar la fase concéntrica. Cuando hagamos el máximo esfuerzo, debemos tener consciencia de expulsar todo el aire. Los abdominales son músculos que participan muy activamente en la espiración forzada.
  • Cuando elevamos la parte superior del tronco, la zona lumbar siempre quedara en contacto con la superficie, elevamos el tronco tan solo 30º grados. Si seguimos elevando el tronco, aunque el abdomen siga contraído, el responsable de esta ultima acción es el psoas.


MITOS Y ERRORES
  • Trabajar los abdominales elimina la “barriga”.- Si tenemos una cintura con acúmulo de tejido graso y deseamos una cintura definida y tonificada, debemos proporcionar tono a la musculatura abdominal con ejercicios específicos. Con los ejercicios de abdominales conseguiremos mejorar el tono pero estará debajo del tejido adiposo y no conseguiremos verlos jamas. Por lo que es fundamental eliminar ese tejido adiposo (grasa), esto lo conseguiremos con un sistema de alimentación correcto y bien planificado, también nos debemos de ayudar con ejercicio cardiovascular de tipo aeróbico, de mucha duración y poca intensidad, como carrera, bicicleta, natación, aeróbic, etc.
  • Es necesario realizar muchos ejercicios y repeticiones para trabajarlos adecuadamente.- Es cierto que es un grupo muscular que acepta mucho nivel de entrenamiento y que lo podemos trabajar a diario, pero no por eso debemos dedicarle excesivo tiempo. Lo que interesa es la calidad más que la cantidad, seleccionando ejercicios que localicen bien el trabajo, podemos conseguir una congestión rápida y eficaz. Existen personas que realizan cientos de abdominales y además de forma continua, esta forma de trabajo es de muy dudosa efectividad, ya que para hacer ese volumen de entrenamiento se introducen rebotes e impulsos que involucran a otros grupos musculares no deseados (psoas, cuello, etc.), con lo cual se pierde efectividad.
  • Si se usan plásticos o neoprenos a modo de faja reducimos cintura.- Eso es una verdad a medias. Es cierto que el volumen de la cintura se reduce, pero no nos ilusionemos, esa reducción se debe a una perdida de agua, que irremediablemente volveremos a recuperar. Además, corremos el riesgo de deshidratarnos, perdiendo sales minerales, necesarios para el bien funcionamiento del organismo y podemos padecer mareos, contracturas, calambres, etc.

ORDEN DE TRABAJO

Los músculos que conforman la pared abdominal tienen la característica de ser sinergistas entre sí. Esto quiere decir, que en las acciones motrices propias del tronco, suelen interacionar entre ellos y no solo la acción se debe al protagonismo de uno solo músculo. Es cierto que muchas veces hablamos de ejercicios para el abdomen inferior o superior, esto en la practica no sucede de esta forma. Para empezar, diremos que anatómicamente no existe un músculo abdomen superior y otro inferior, sin embargo a través de la elección de los ejercicios adecuados podemos dar más énfasis a una u otra zona, pero nunca conseguiremos aislar un músculo en concreto.

A través de estudios electromiográficos se ha observado que la zona superior del recto abdominal es muy sinergista, es decir, interviene siempre que trabajemos la zona abdominal, por el contrario la zona inferior del recto abdominal, se ve muy poco solicitada. Según estas conclusiones es lógico empezar a trabajar por aquellas zonas que menos trabajan o intervienen, y dejar para la parte final las zonas más sinergistas, que siempre van a estar presentes. El orden de trabajo debería ser entonces el siguiente:

  1. Zona inferior del recto abdominal.
  2. Músculos Oblicuos.
  3. Zona superior del recto abdominal.

SINERGISMO

Como antes decíamos, no es conveniente involucrar en exceso al músculo psoas en nuestros ejercicios para al trabajo abdominal, ya que los inconvenientes sobrepasan a los beneficios. ¿Cómo evitaremos involucrar al psoas? Evitando todas aquellas acciones motrices especificas de él. Su acción principal es la flexión de la cadera, por lo tanto evitaremos acciones como; elevar las piernas estiradas o semi-flexionadas desde la posición de tumbado y/o elevar el tronco hasta la máxima flexión. Por lo tanto, debemos deshacernos de todos los ejercicios clásicos y tradicionales en el entrenamiento abdominal de elevar las piernas rectas, tijeras, “uves”, bicicleta, elevación de tronco a llevar la barbilla a las rodillas etc...

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Un consejo para mantener el ángulo de 45º: poner el puño o una pelota pequeña, tipo tenis pero blanda, en el cuello, entre el mentón y el manubrio del esternón. No me acuerdo en que revista lo leí, pero da buenos resultados, mejores con el puño que con la pelota, ya que la pelota hay que tenerla fija y para eso hace falta contraer varios músculos del cuello y el puño lo ponemos nosotros y el cuello está relajado.

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